Strategic Human Resource Management And Challenges Commerce Essay

Vital Human Resource Management And Challenges Commerce Essay Chiefs utilize the term human asset methodologies to allude to the particular human asset the board approaches the organization seeks after to accomplish its key points. For instance, Dell The pith of Dells serious procedure has consistently been to a minimal effort pioneer. That is the reason human asset chiefs utilize different HR techniques to help Dells minimal effort point Dell convey the greater part of its human asset administrations, not through a customary human asset division, yet by means of the web. A supervisor devices segment on Dells web contains around 30 computerized web applications. This permits troughs to perform human asset undertakings that recently required expensive cooperation by human asset staff. The web likewise check work posting, and screen their all out remuneration articulations. This drastically lessens the quantity of human asset individuals required to oversee these exercises, and accordingly the expense of doing as such. This is turn bolster Dells ease methodology. Presently a days human asset administrators face three vital difficulties. 1-One (as at Dell) is the need to help corporate efficiency and execution improvement endeavors. 2-Employees assume an extended job in bosses execution associations like Toyotas such a high innovation group based creation are generally futile without unprecedented significant level of representative ability and responsibility. 3-The third test is that businesses see that their human asset units must be increasingly engaged with planning not simply executing the companys key arrangement. Todays weight on going upper hand through individuals renders such courses of action insufficient. Rather, top administration needs the contribution of the human asset group in planning the technique, since it is the group accused of recruiting, preparing, and remunerating the organizations workers. Human asset chiefs will subsequently require a fundamental practical comprehension of how the firm brings in cash. What exercises and procedure are generally basic for esteem creation as characterized by clients and capital markets? Human asset proficient need to comprehend the premise of vital arranging and of the essential business capacities, for example, bookkeeping, account, creation, and deals, so they can sit down at the table when top administration is making the organizations key arrangement. What variables should the executives consider in HRM? Enlistment: Enlistment is the way toward scanning for imminent worker and animating them to go after positions in the association. Enlistment Methods:- Inward existing worker Self-Applicant Chief/Manager Recommendation Progression arranging Utilizing Existing Contracts Spontaneous Enquires Past Applicant Past Employees Existing Employees Contracts. Outer Contacts:- Proficient Referrals Employment Centers Private Selection Consultants The executives Selection Schools/Universities Resettlement administrations Hiring Agencies Promoting/Media Press T.V/Radio Film/Posters Profession Exhibitions Gatherings/Open days 2-Job Analysis:- This is the way toward landing itemized data about position. Here we give the significance of employment investigation as per HRM. The Importance of occupation investigation to HR Manager. Occupation investigation has been known as the structure square of everything that the faculty office does. A portion of the human asset exercises that utilization work examination data incorporates determination, execution, evaluation, preparing, and advancement, work assessment, vocation arranging, work update and human asset arranging. The Importance of Job Analysis to Line Manger:- Supervisor more likely than not point by point data pretty much all the occupations in their work gathering to comprehend the work process. Supervisors need to comprehend the activity necessities to settle on shrewd recruiting choice. Since the Manager is answerable for guaranteeing that every individual is playing out their activity director should obviously comprehend the acceptably, the errand required in each activity. Occupation Analysis Information An expected set of responsibilities is a rundown of the undertakings, obligations and duties (TDRS) that the activity entitles. An occupation detail is a rundown of the information, aptitudes, capacities, and different attributes (KSAO) that an individual must need to play out the activity. 3-Training and Developing Employees. The way toward showing new representatives the essential aptitudes they have to play out their occupations. This may mean demonstrating another website specialist the complexities of your webpage, another sales rep how to sell your organizations items, or another administrator how to round out the organizations week after week finance sheets. Here I again quote a case of Wisconsin-based Signicast Corp. Chosen to assemble another, cutting edge plant, or automated plant. Terry Lutz, the organizations president, know signicast would require another sort of representatives to run that plant, and new screening and preparing projects to recruit and train them. Model The U.S military are taking armed force created computer game sort preparing software engineers called Full-Spectrum Command and Full-range Warrior for preparing troops in urban fighting. Honda model: When Honda chose to construct another plant in Alabama, it needed to enlist a large number of new representatives in a region where hardly any individuals worked in assembling. Honda and the Alabama state business organization originally screened the applications by disposing of the individuals who did not have the instruction or experience. And afterward offered inclination to candidates close to the plant. Around 340 candidates for every six-week meeting got unique preparing at another office around 15 miles from the plant, two night seven days. It included study hall guidance, watching recordings of current Honda representatives in real life, and really rehearsing specific occupations. At last HR office do the last screening. They meet the up-and-comers, survey their preparation record, and choose which ones to recruit. 4-Performance and pay/Motivation and Incentives: Money related prizes paid to laborers, whose creation surpasses some foreordained norm. Essentially this framework was begun in late 80s.If any of the specialist or representative gives the best of him; he/she ought to get some award fit as a fiddle of boost in compensation or motivators. 5-PROBLEM SOLVING GROUPS Being a decent administrator, he should make some office or gathering which can help workers issues. These issues can be helping new representatives or helping the old staff with legitimate stuff or work issue. It tends to be close to home issues too. Like now and then representatives are having awful time in local life and can't focus on their work. So these gatherings can help and guide the worker with increasingly expansive vision. 6-IMPLENTATION OF EMPLOYE S SUGGESTIONS In SHRM this factor is critical to tune in to the all representatives recommendations, regardless of whether the worker is new in the organization or working in it for long. New comers now and again carry new thoughts with them; it may be from their past work place or instructive organization. Also, the old specialist can help with their involvement with a similar work place. Great administration consistently continues having representatives gatherings to stay up with the latest and tune in to all their new and smart thoughts. 7-Benefits and Services:- Circuitous monetary and non-budgetary installments got by the workers for proceeding with their work with the organization. They incorporate things like wellbeing and life coverage, benefits, downtime with pay, and youngster care assistance.(Gerry dessler) Verizon Example:- Verizon correspondence, confronting solid rivalry and the need to lessen its workers after a few supervisors, required an approach to persuade thousands regarding its representatives to take early retirement. For this situation, Verizon required an arrangement that was financially reasonable, just as one that agreed to various laws that apply to retirement and different advantages. 8-Coaching/Mentoring:- Workers are prepared and instructed through techniques other than showing classes and courses. Boss among these are the board obligations of training, coaching, and building your association into a learning association. Discover training, tutoring, counseling, information the board and how to fabricate a learning association asset. In each organization now a days there is new advancements and advances are being presented revenue driven expansion and consumer loyalty, because of that each worker should be prepared and come to think about development how to function with this new innovation. Model: Tesco is one of driving brand in store industry; as of late Tesco had presented self checkout works. This is a major advancement in grocery store industry and because of that client who purchases just hardly any things has been no compelling reason to remain in a long line he simply utilize these tills, yet some time clients dont realize how to utilize it that is the reason Tesco prepared their representatives about this development for the better assistance gave to the clients. Making a Mentoring Culture Fabricate a Mentoring Culture Training for Improved Performance Administration Success Secrets: Leadership Inspiration Gathering Mentoring Tips for Effective Coaching Coaching and Baby Boomers: Mentoring Is a Strategic Business Imperative What Do You Mean My Company 9-Team Building/Work Teams Worker commitment, groups, and representative strengthening permit individuals to settle on choices about their work. This worker inclusion, teambuilding approach, and representative strengthening expands dependability and encourages possession. These thoughts disclose to you how to do group building and adequately include individuals. In this idea great or experienced supervisors assembled groups in which old and experienced representatives drives these groups and these people groups know arrangement of the organization and know also how to accomplish shrewd work that is the reason new comers follow these people groups and improved occupation in not many days. End: Methodology Human asset the board is moderately another term in the administration yet has a lot of significant ramifications. By the presentation of SHRM the associations have figured out how to improve their possibilities. The workers and the associations are associated with one another th

Kenneth Branagh’s Hamlet

Kenneth Branagh’s 1996 adjustment of Hamlet is an extraordinary method to appreciate the famous Shakespeare play. While I saw the film as very protracted, I altogether appreciated seeing a film rendition of the story I just knew a tad about from perusing a portion of Hamlet in secondary school. I think Kenneth Branagh worked superbly in making the screen play into a film. Everything in each scene couldn’t have been accomplished all the more impeccably. Even better is simply the cast, with entertainers like Kenneth Branagh himself, as Hamlet, Kate Winslet as Ophelia, Billy Crystal, and Robin Williams among numerous other incredible actors.The catastrophe begins with simply that, disaster, the passing of Hamlet’s Father, the lord. The film begins with the guards working seeing a ghost or something to that affect, which they later learn is Hamlet’s perished father. The guardians choose to tell Hamlet of this unusual phantom after Hamlet’s mother, the q ueen’s wedding to her brother by marriage. While the wedding is going on and after the service, Hamlet is obviously upset. The sovereign is wedding Hamlet’s father’s sibling just two brief a very long time after his father’s abrupt death.The gatekeepers tell Hamlet of the bizarre spirit that is frequenting them daily and Hamlet is interested, he needs to see it for himself. In my preferred scene of the whole film, Hamlet goes through the foggy woods that night, shouting, shouting for his father’s awful passing. He gets a reaction from his father’s soul; his father’s voice talks in the most bone chilling voice. He reveals to Hamlet that his passing was â€Å"most brutal and most unnatural† and he makes this understood, saying it more than once. He says his sibling snuck up on him while he was sleeping in the plantation and emptied an infected blend into his ear.The King’s own sibling submitted the deed that made him becom e sick and kick the bucket very quickly. Prior to vanishing into the night, the spirit says to Hamlet â€Å"Remember me! † This experience is obviously passionate for Hamlet. Hamlet needs to retaliate for his father’s passing. He chooses the best way to wear on the new king’s heart is to given a performance that is essentially the narrative of his father’s selling out by his sibling and the sovereign for having hitched him. While this is going on, everybody is stating Hamlet has gone â€Å"mad† in light of his unpredictable conduct, yet credits it to his being love debilitated over his young lady companion, Ophelia.Hamlet cherishes Ophelia, and she adores him, however her dad precludes her to see him any more. Hamlet is maddened by this, as he is numerous things Ophelia’s father says and does. In the warmth of a contention, Hamlet executes Ophelia’s Father. Ophelia is crushed, goes crazy, and in the end winds up suffocating herself. O phelia’s sibling comes back from France to discover his dad has been killed by Hamlet and Ophelia has murdered herself. Obviously, Ophelia’s sibling is incensed. Ophelia’s sibling and the King plan for him and Hamlet to fight. They intend to harm the cup Hamlet drinks from during the battle, so he will without a doubt die.While fencing, the King demands that Hamlet drink for progressing nicely, yet he abstains and says he will hold until some other time. Next, the sovereign offers him a beverage, yet again he can't, so she drinks out of the cup that is harmed. The battle turns very horrendous and Ophelia’s sibling is struck down. Simultaneously the sovereign has tumbled to the floor, passing on, saying she had been harmed before she took her final gasp. Ophelia’s sibling admits that the King is the person who harmed the cup so as to slaughter Hamlet. Hamlet and Ophelia’s sibling offer some kind of reparation before he bites the dust. Infuria ted, Hamlet pursues the King and feeds him the poison.The King kicks the bucket. At that point Hamlet passes on of harming. The Norwegian crown ruler and his military tempest the mansion so as to accept the seat, burning through no time. They are flabbergasted by the illustrious passings. I thought the film had a brilliant cast, every single extraordinary on-screen character that made a superb showing. Kenneth Branagh made a decent Hamlet. I enjoyed Hamlet’s character and sought the best after him, despite the fact that I didn't concur with a portion of the things he did. I felt severely for Hamlet, as I additionally did Ophelia when she ended her own life out of wretchedness. I think it is pitiful they didn't wind up together; however on the other hand that’s the point, it’s a tragedy.I adored the first King, in spite of the fact that he wasn’t in the film much in living thing, he appeared to be a reasonable and savvy King. The entertainer who played the lord made an awesome showing in the foggy woods scene. With everything taken into account the whole cast was persuading, so much that you either came to love or loathe the characters. I think there are numerous topics in Hamlet. The one that stands apart the most is the significance of intuition before acting. Hamlet does and expresses numerous things he may not on the off chance that he set aside some effort to first â€Å"cool down†. It appears as though he is too rushed to even think about acting and this frequently pushes him into difficulty causing awful things to happen that he can’t basically take back.Another exercise to take from Hamlet is that nothing is always and nothing is sure. Hamlet grappled with the legitimacy of the experience of his father’s ghost, he addressed whether it truly occurred. For certain things in this life there is no hard science. Some of the time the appropriate responses are not in every case clear; you simply need to confide in your own judgment. I truly delighted in viewing the film form of Hamlet. Honestly I figured transforming a play into a film would be hard to make fascinating, however it was done incredibly well. I couldn't imagine anything better than to go to a genuine live play variant of Hamlet.I figure the experience of seeing the misbehaving close on a phase would be very surprising at that point viewing the film in light of the fact that the crowd can get increasingly engaged with the story, yet the film is a decent approach on the off chance that you don’t have the chance to see the play. The minor embellishments in the film truly help to attract you, however it’s nothing noteworthy that couldn’t be done in front of an audience also. Hamlet is an exemplary story that has stood the trial of time. I’m sure it will be constantly reenacted and adjusted for motion pictures in ages to come.

The Fall of Tsarist Russia Essay Example

The Fall of Tsarist Russia Essay The Fall of Tsarist Russia, The Rise of the Soviet Union. â€Å"To the end, through its firmness and uncouthness, the despotism had been the main draftsman of its own destruction. - Christopher Read Russia, preceding the ascent of the Communist forces, was a basic nation, with the Romanov bloodline at its rudder. The nation, with its rambling landmass and spread out populace, was maybe one of the least evolved nations in Europe. Bruner) While the remainder of the world changed and adjusted post mechanical upset, Russia neglected to play get up to speed, depending on its moderate head, who favored the old world as opposed to the creating. The modernization of Russia, with its immense domains basically couldn't be upheld by a totalitarianism effectively. In spite of the fact that the seeds for mechanical improvement were set in substantial industry, the absence of social rights and freedoms, as denied by the Tsars, kept the average workers in an unsuitable degree of neediness. Ramage) The abrupt flare-up of World War One gave an impetus to adequately cut down the Tsarist standard of Russia, rousing the ascent of the Soviet Union . It is contended that had Russia held from battling in the First World War, the Bolsheviks could always been unable to transcend and frame the U. S. S. R. Tsarist Russia, effectively filled with social and formative issues had no ability to partake in a worldwide issue, for example, the First World War. Tsarist Russia, as of now in a slight state, was not set up for battling in the First World War. The Tsar, who depended on a shallow relationship with the individuals, figured out how to separate himself further from the individuals then they were happy to follow. The war assaulted through Russia’s economy and assets causing consistent distress for the individuals. The initially solid vivacious war exertion had fallen into ruins, under awkward administration, causing loss of expectation and trust in the legislature. Nicholas II, the leader of Russia during the beginning of the twentieth century, saw the finish of dictatorial guideline and offered path to the spread of socialism. The main thing keeping the nation together was the shallow relationship the individuals had with the tsar. Nicholas the II neglected to understand this, his first mix-up being his separation from the individuals. â€Å"By the finish of 1916 the Court was for all intents and purposes disconnected from all informed society, from all the force elites in military, business, political and even legislative circles. † (Stavrou 37) â€Å"Nicholas II and Alexandra disliked St. Petersburg. Thinking of it as excessively present day, they moved the family living arrangement in 1895 from Anichkov Palace to Alexander Palace in Tsarskoe Selo, where they lived in withdrawal. (Bruner) Removing himself and his family from one of only a handful hardly any creating urban communities in the nation shut his psyche, separated him from the individuals, and gave a much bigger hole between the average workers and the decision party. The Tsar regularly didn't perceive what was going on in the city of his urban areas, as he had disconnected himself from them. â€Å"The traditionalist way of thinking of the Tsar underlay every one of his activities, open or private; he kept on being unwelcoming to any proposal of changes that may constrain his position. † (Stavrou 8) â€Å"The first gathering of the Duma took place in May 1906. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Fall of Tsarist Russia explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on The Fall of Tsarist Russia explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on The Fall of Tsarist Russia explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer A few changes in the arrangement of the Duma had been changed since the distribution of the October Manifesto. Nicholas II had likewise made a State Council, an upper chamber, of which he would select a large portion of its individuals. He likewise held for himself the option to announce war, to control the Orthodox Churchâ and to break down the Duma. The Tsar likewise had the ability to designate and excuse pastors. At their first gathering, individuals from the Duma put forward a progression of requests including the arrival of political detainees, worker's organization rights and land change. Nicholas II rejected every one of these proposition and broke up the Duma. †(Bruner) Nicholas was not ready to break long periods of convention, and however cursorily he gave the figment that he was giving a voice to the individuals, as a general rule he ensured that he had the ability to close down any advancement that he didn't care for. The tsar made a picture where he didn't confide in the individuals, and consequently the individuals quit confiding in the tsar. The tsar had effectively risked his standard and trust of the individuals, before the start of the Great War. In September 1915, Nicholas II expected incomparable order of the Russian Armyâ fighting on the Eastern Front. This connected him to the countrys military disappointments and during 1917 there was a solid decay support for the Tsar in Russia. †( Bruner) â€Å"The strains realized by the war, of 5,000,000 dead or injured, of the armys bread apportion being cut by a third between December 1916 an d February 1917, of the deficiencies of nourishment in the towns, burst to the surface. †(Ramage) The military, effectively under a mechanical burden, were enduring the most exceedingly terrible setbacks of the countries engaged with the war. At the point when the tsar assumed control over the military all the fault for the Russian Armies disappointment arrived on him. The individuals were incensed at his failure to lead the nation to triumph, yet to top it all off, while the tsar was occupied with the war exertion he effectively disregarded resolving the infrastructural issues made by those before his standard. Russia of the mid twentieth century had no ability of battling in the war. With the lacking foundation and industry being turned over for military creation, assets were meager, the nation was excessively huge and didn't have a grown enough transportation framework to effectively flexibly the war, deficiency of nourishment desolated urban communities, the regularly diminishing way of life welcomed on the craving for insurgency. â€Å"The racket for fast industrialization turned out to be increasingly concentrated. After the incredible military annihilations of the spring and summer of 1915, the hole among assets and political aspiration was more extensive than at any other time †in the perspective on quick crisis, yet for the long draw too. (Stavrou 147) â€Å"Every shell that detonated on the war zone assisted with diminishing the creation of more shells back home in the weapons production lines. As it were, the Russian economy couldn't bolster both war creation and the railroads, steel plants, processing plants, and mines that made war creation conc eivable (also the proceeding with necessities of the non military personnel division of the economy, especially of farming). † (Stavrou 146) The nation didn't have built up the assets required to run the nation and the war together. Neediness levels peaked and laborers started to strike, in anticipation of change. Not exclusively was the nation not set up for the war, its economy despite everything recouping, the way of life exacerbated as the war went on. Critical assets being sent to the war front caused strikes and impeded creation on the home front; Tsarist Russia’s lacking rail framework neglected to give Russia’s needs. â€Å"The insufficiency of railways †which both straightforwardly and in a roundabout way contributed fundamentally to the frantic nourishment lack, a basic factor in the unrest in February †and the practically identical inadequacy in industry, which sabotaged arrangement of military supplies and of urban offices, were the two side effects of financial backwardness. (Stavrou 36) The foundation neglected to move enough assets causing swelling, starvation, and caused a great many strikes. â€Å"In 1916 there were 1,284 strikes, including 952,000 specialists. Troops terminated on strikers in Kosruma, and the swollen modern workforce of Moscow and Pe trograd turned out to be progressively powerless to radical communist tumult. † (Cawood, Bell 103) â€Å"On March 8, International Women’s Day, ladies material laborers in Petrograd’s Vuborg District joined those as of now protesting and filled the roads requesting more bread. Other Petrograd laborers before long went along with them, and inside two days in excess of 200,000 strikers, in addition to numerous understudies and different supporters, carried regular day to day existence to a halt. † (Moss 186) Tsarist Russia was tearing itself separated from within; the political bodies couldn't hold onto control of the individuals, while the military that should end the uproars went along with them. The attention on the war, and absence of political, social and financial change welcomed Russia on its knees. The nation required change to endure. The Russian war-exertion delivered the defeat of Tsar Nicholas II. The crusade was not faring just as the tsar had trusted, the enormous Russian armed force was facing a mechanically propelled enemy, with causalities high and assets running out, the urban communities were ready for upheaval. â€Å"On 31st July, 1914, Sazonov prompted the Tsar to arrange the assembly of the Russian Armyâ even however he realized it would prompt war with the Germany and Austria-Hungary. † (Bruner) â€Å" World War 1, a war apparent by numerous Russians as a remote inconvenience that didn't serve Russia’s interests , evoked noteworthy help among numerous broadly cognizant Russians, just as from the a-political lower class depleted by the travails of war. † (Prizel 183) The underlying activation of the military, delivered potential expectation and enthusiasm, however as the war extended, the causalities expanded and the assets lessened, the individuals got fretful, and open to new ideas and thoughts, they were not, at this point lined up with the

Strategic Marketing and Marketing Strategy Essay - 825 Words

Strategic Marketing and Marketing Strategy (Essay Sample) Content: The Title: Strategic marketing and marketing strategyName of the scholarly journal: Academic of Marketing Science.Date of the Article: 28 October 2009Author: Rajan VaradarajanStrategic marketing and marketing strategy.IntroductionStrategic marketing comprises of a different combination of various competitive advantages that a company has in the markets. On the other hand, economist has explained marketing strategy as both fundamental and long run activities of marketing that deal with the initial analysis of strategic plan, the selection of the market, and valuation of the market and the selection of market-oriented strategy with the aim of achieving market objective (Armstrong 1992).The evolution of strategic marketing as a topic of concern in business has influenced research on theories and the concept of marketing. Chief of them, being strategic marketing, and marketing strategies in an effort of trying to capture a wide range of the market (Rajan 2009). For instan ce, a thorough analysis of marketing strategy literature in the past; has brought a diverse view concerning strategic marketing.Main points in the journal article.The journal paper focus on strategic marketing as a field of study; provide a clear definition of marketing strategy, and points on foundation grounds that make ups the marketing strategy.Research carried out by Abell in 1980 reveals that key foundations of strategic marketing planning encompasses; the learning and understanding of administrative portraying how the firm and consumer interact in the market, the inter-organizational study -which at broadest level define marketing strategy as way in which organisation collude together and form a pattern in decision that facilitates consumer choice concerning the product, communication, marketing and delivery of the product to the consumer (Abell 1980).The second main emphasis on the journal is the clear definition of marketing strategy. Different authors have proposed va rious definition of marketing strategy. The latest definition of marketing by American Marketing Association in 2007 define strategic marketing as the activity, or the process for communication and exchange that have value for customer, producer, and society at largeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .Thirdly, the Journal points out the key fundamental issues for strategic marketing. Research by Hunt (1993) and Meyer (1991) proposed the following as among fundamental issues to strategic marketing. * What pinpoints out differences in the marketing behavior of competing business in the market place? * What brings out differences in market and financial performance of competing product?The relevance of article in the management of an emergency service.Understanding the key component of strategic marketing and the marketing strategy is relevant to the management of marketing department. It enables the management to understand the fundamentals and strategies of sound marketing skill, thus increasing the sa les ( Ahuja, 2001).Implementation of marketing strategies.Clear understanding of organization behavior as it has interacts with the customer, can be implemented by marketing manager after thorough understanding of consumer utility and organizational productiv...

Diversity Management And Equal Treatment - 1293 Words

Although large strides have been made to promote equal opportunities in the workplace over the past 50 years, diversity management and equal treatment can be improved. According to employment laws are put in place to stop discrimination, but it is the responsibility of people to put them into practice. By tackling diversity and promoting equality, is not only morally right but is ultimately a business advantage. Organizations are making themselves accessible to the talents all over the world and achieving a workforce that is representative of the actual population attracts even more of those talents. Companies that embrace diversity and become inclusive organizations are also able to achieve greater work productivity (Makower, 1995). Demographic changes and equal opportunity legislation call for constant review of HRM practices and improvements in recruitment, training, pay and promotion, positive action, and culture can help increase diversity in the workplace. Recruitment Managing and promoting the growth in workforce diversity is crucial in recruitment and selection strategies for most organizations (Thomas Ely, 1996). Recruitment processes can be expanded to access wider network, specifically targeting their campaigns towards minority groups. This would ensure that people are equally accessible to opportunities offered by the organisation. Likewise, the selection should be rigorous and fair, ensuring that each individual put at a disadvantage at any stage of theShow MoreRelatedDiversity Management As A Method For Achieving Equal Treatments2076 Words   |  9 Pages1. Diversity Management Kersten (2000) defined diversity management as a method to achieving equal treatments that encourages employers to utilize and acknowledge individual differences within their workforce. These differences include both visible, such as age, gender and race, and invisible, such as sexual orientation, work experience and some aspects of disability. 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The Role Of Obedience Up Until Now Essay - 1815 Words

There are little facts about the role of obedience up until now. Psychologists have been debating on factors that constitute obedience within an individual. For example, certain theories suggest that people do horrible actions only if they are ordered to do so. Research has shown that most people obey all orders given to them by the authority-figure. The idea for this topic came to me while flipping through channels. I came across a show called 20/20, on the Investigation Discovery Channel. The show has episodes that go through a series of crimes and murders and provides insight on how the crime came to be and why. On one particular episode, a successful, well-known businessman orders a new intern to â€Å"take care† of someone to gain favor from him. The intern does so without hesitation. The intern is noted to be kind and helpful by his friends and family, fresh out of college and very hopeful. So it shocked them to hear that he had murdered someone. Would he have committed this crime if he wasn’t told to? That is what I seek to know more about. As children, we are taught to listen to any authority figure and obey their instructions. This was what determined how â€Å"good† we were. Obedience can be described as â€Å"willingness to agree with instructions or orders given by an authority figure†. Obedience can help with a person’s development, most importantly children’s, both socially and behaviorally. It helps an individual develop personal rules or morals and understand social norms.Show MoreRelatedAnnotated Bibliography On Obedience And Authority Essay1149 Words   |  5 Pages Part I: Research paper topic and outline Obedience to Authority Abbygale Javier [IT 150G, 14111; On-line; Elizabeth Rasnick; September 29, 2016] I. Introduction A. Motivation of this research There are little facts about the role of obedience up until now. Psychologists have been debating on factors that constitute obedience within an individual. For example, certain theories suggest that people do horrible actions only if they are ordered to do so. Research has shown that most people obey allRead MoreThe United States Of America Elected A New President Essay1588 Words   |  7 Pages2000, the country is now more dividend than in the past. One week after the election was over, 1000 students at Syracuse University protested against Mr. Trump and declared that they â€Å"reject† the president elect (Daily Orange, 2016). Nationwide, protesters conveyed the unique message that they are ready to disobey executive actions of a Trump administration. This poses a general question. What role should obedience play in modern western nations? Although autonomous obedience can unleash valuableRead More1000 Words on Proper Uniform Essay1030 Words   |  5 Pageseveryone in the military just did their own thing then we wouldnt be a successful army and then our country wouldnt be as strong as it is. Every higher up gives an order for a reason, we may not like the reason but in the end most of the orders and decisions will be smart ones i guarantee. We were taught as children to obey our higher-ups. Starting from our parents, teachers, managers, police officers and etc†¦ So how does this relate to the military? Well, when a person enlists in the UnitedRead MoreReal Life Implications Of The Milgram Experiment1698 Words   |  7 PagesReal Life Implications of the Milgram Experiment One of the most controversial studies in the history of psychology is Stanley Milgram’s Obedience experiment, which revealed the power of obedience and the horrendous acts people would commit when faced by an authority figure. Milgram selected male participants to be part of a learning study. He got people to be either the learner or the teacher. It was fixed that they were always the teacher. The teacher would shock the learner if they would getRead MoreDescribe And Evaluate Psychological Research Into Obedience1246 Words   |  5 PagesDescribe evaluate psychological research into obedience Obedience is a compliance with an order, request, or law or submission to another’s authority (Oxforddictionaries, n.d). Stanley Milgram was an American social psychologist, known for his experiment on obedience. This was taken place in the 1960’s while he was completing his professorship at Yale University (wikipedia.org, 2015). Milgram’s (1963) study of obedience was a laboratory study to investigate how far people will go in obeyingRead MoreThe Biblical Mandate For Music735 Words   |  3 PagesPremise 1. Music performs an important and independent role within the Biblical narrative. From beginning to end the Bible is full of music and song. The first musician, Jubal, makes his appearance as early as Genesis 4†¦ As we turn the pages, we find many who follow in Jubel’s musical footsteps (Roberts, 2002:84) This premise is predicated on the hypothesis that music plays an independent and important role within scripture itself; that is to be an elevated carrier for liturgy and prayer, the useRead More`` Group Minds `` By Doris Lessing881 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"regarding the context of obedience in group settings by shedding light on its most fundamental flaw, the â€Å"western image†. The western image is one of individualism, we are social creatures by nature.† â€Å"By socializing in groups we diminish the space for our individual growth by abiding by the ideologies of one group.† Lessing was a daughter of farmers born in Persia, present day Iran in the year 1919. Lessing’s educational journey started at a Roman Catholic convent and followed up in a southern girl’sRead More Comparing the Duties of the Individual in Antigone and A Dolls House1443 Words   |  6 Pagestwo women, Nora in A Dolls House, and Antigone in Antigone, do what the state and society wishes them to do or should they follow their own conscience? Both plays focus on the conflict between individual laws and the state law, disobedience and obedience, and understanding oneself.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Antigone there is the contrasting view of the state law against the divine law.   The state law may have some similarities to the divine law but they are not the same.   For example the divine lawRead More A Comparison of Moral Conflict in Antigone and A Dolls House1479 Words   |  6 PagesShould Nora (in A Doll’s House) and Antigone (in Antigone) â€Å"follow the rules† and do what the state and society want them to do or should they follow their own consciences?   Both plays address the conflict between individual morals and state laws, obedience and disobedience, and understanding oneself.        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Antigone shows the contrast between state law and divine law.   Although the two have similarities, they are enforced in very different ways.   The major conflict is this – accordingRead MoreConflict Between Obedience And Authority And Personal Morale1226 Words   |  5 Pagesmotivated these ordinary individuals to commit such corrupt acts in nature. â€Å"The essence in obedience consists in the fact that a person comes to view himself as an instrument for carrying out another person s wishes and he therefore no longer regards himself as responsible for his actions.† ( ) When one thinks of the many historical events, it is evident that much of humans behaviour is a result of obedience to authority in contrast to rebellion. Why is this? One and possibly the most famous experiment

Overcoming Racism Essay Example For Students

Overcoming Racism Essay Overcoming Racism C. P. Ellis had experienced much in his lifetime. He went from poverty to financial independence. He was involved in different organizations in order to make himself feel valid. This helped him gain back his self esteem. In his lifetime, he blamed all of his problems on black individuals and became racist. Studs Terkel in his essay, â€Å"C. P. Ellis,† explains the way Ellis overcame his racist beliefs. Throughout his lifetime, Ellis has achieved many other accomplishments. According to Terkel, C. P. Ellis worked several years at a service station prior to getting married. When he started to have a family, he knew he would need to change his financial situation, so he borrowed money from the bank to purchase his own service station. He ran his service station seven days a week, and he still wasn’t getting ahead. He was very unhappy with his life; therefore, he blamed his problems on black people because of his father’s racial influence on him as a child. Terkel points out that the reason for his hatred is because his father â€Å"was a member of the Klan. † Ellis always admired the Ku Klux Klan because they had supported the whites, and in his mind becoming a member of the Klan would make his life better. He worked his way up to become president of the organization by repeating the vows and promises to maintain the Klan’s mission. Very excited and proud to be involved in an organization that he felt would empower him, Ellis focused on leading his fellow Klansmen. C. P. Ellis understood why low socio-economic individuals would join various groups of society. These groups supported their longing to belong and not be ignored. He realized that the local high school had racial problems, and proceeded to organize a youth group at the high school, and taught them the ways of the Klan. He believed that Martin Luther King and Andy Young were both affiliated with the communist party. The civil rights movement had already begun when C. P. Ellis saw Ann Atwater lead a demonstration against the whites. It was at this moment when he realized that it was time for the KKK not to be a secret organization. He began attending the city council meetings, and expressing the views of the KKK, and stated that they was not in favor of blacks attending the white schools. At each city council meeting both blacks and whites would attend and speak their minds. It became known to him that both blacks and whites were not in favor of integration, but the city council did not want to relinquish control to either group. Ellis, According to Terkel, believed that â€Å"they were using us. † (523). After many sleepless nights and realizing that the city council was using them, he spoke out against being used by the city council at the Klan’s meeting. The Klan’s reaction was not pleasant. They wanted to just keep fighting the blacks. Ellis knew then that he needed to get out of the Klan but did not know how. Terkel points to the fact that the AFL-CIO received a grant from the Department of HEW for $78,000, but it had to be used to solve racial problems in schools. Ellis received a call to join the committee to help resolve the racial problems. During the third meeting, Ellis and Ann Atwater, a militant black woman, were elected co-chairman of the school committee. Ellis thought this would be an impossible task working with Ann, but, to his surprise, he learned that the problems Atwater was having with her fellow blacks were similar to the problems he was having with his fellow whites. .u94337470bd87b9a1e4c8471093d0af31 , .u94337470bd87b9a1e4c8471093d0af31 .postImageUrl , .u94337470bd87b9a1e4c8471093d0af31 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u94337470bd87b9a1e4c8471093d0af31 , .u94337470bd87b9a1e4c8471093d0af31:hover , .u94337470bd87b9a1e4c8471093d0af31:visited , .u94337470bd87b9a1e4c8471093d0af31:active { border:0!important; } .u94337470bd87b9a1e4c8471093d0af31 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u94337470bd87b9a1e4c8471093d0af31 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u94337470bd87b9a1e4c8471093d0af31:active , .u94337470bd87b9a1e4c8471093d0af31:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u94337470bd87b9a1e4c8471093d0af31 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u94337470bd87b9a1e4c8471093d0af31 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u94337470bd87b9a1e4c8471093d0af31 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u94337470bd87b9a1e4c8471093d0af31 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u94337470bd87b9a1e4c8471093d0af31:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u94337470bd87b9a1e4c8471093d0af31 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u94337470bd87b9a1e4c8471093d0af31 .u94337470bd87b9a1e4c8471093d0af31-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u94337470bd87b9a1e4c8471093d0af31:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Equal right for marriage EssayTerkel emphasizes that when Ellis went to work, some of his co-workers approached him and said, â€Å"We need a union. † (517). Ellis met with the representative and talked about starting a union. Ellis proceeded to give out the cards, and they would have an election. He began to organize the people and started seeing that the blacks and whites were being used against each other. He was running for business manager, and the only way he would get elected was by the votes of workers. The candidate that was running against him was a black person, and he knew for sure that he wouldn’t get elected because of his past. Ellis called a meeting and proceeded to tell everyone where he came from because the company that he worked for would tell everyone that they would be supporting an ex-Klansmen. At the meeting, they held the election, and Ellis won, becoming the business manager for the union. After C. P. Ellis was elected, he realized that the blacks and whites were defeating the racism between them. It took the courage to get what he took to defeat racism. â€Å"I had accomplished a lot of things in my lifetime. Martin Luther King always had said there is no dream impossible. (Terkel 528). Ellis wasn’t happy when he heard the news about Martin Luther King getting assassinated. He had tears in his eyes when he was listening to his tapes and now he knew what he was trying to get accomplished. In conclusion, after all C. P. Ellis had gone through, he overcame many obstacles in his lifetime. Ellis accomplished the things that needed to be done. Finally, he had his financial stability and self-e steem. He has proven that any minority group can achieve success through collaboration and has overcome his racism. Overall, the essay was very intriguing, and Terkel did a fantastic job of interviewing C. P. Ellis. Ellis accomplished a lot throughout his life and overcame his racism. Stud Terkel main point of this essay has proven that a person can do anything he wants to do in life to become someone even if they begin in poverty. Works Cited Terkel, Studs. C. P. Ellis. Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen, Bonnie Lisle 7th ed. Rereading America Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing. Ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2007. 519-528. Print. Revised Outline Format Thesis: I. C. P. Ellis had experienced much in his lifetime. He went from poverty to financial independence. He was involved in different organizations in order to make himself feel valid. This helped him gain back his self esteem. In his lifetime, he blamed all of his problems on black individuals, and became racist. Throughout his lifetime, he achieved many accomplishments; the main one was overcoming racism. II. First Subtopic: He wants financial stability and self esteem A. He owns a service station B. He became president of the Klu Klux Klan C. He organized a youth group III. Second Subtopic: Civil Right Movement A. Ann Atwater was the leader of the demonstrations B. City Council Meeting C. Klan Meeting IV. Third Subtopic: How to solve racial problems in the school system A. Ann Atwater and C. P. Ellis were elected as the co-chairperson’s on the school committee B. Business Agent for the union C. Martin Luther King said you can fight the battles between white and black V. Conclusion C. P. Ellis stated the he has conquered his racism.

Sports And Aggressive Behavior Essay Paper Example For Students

Sports And Aggressive Behavior Essay Paper Sport and aggressive behavior, Do sports create aggressive behavior, or simply attract people who are already aggressive? Aggression and sport have gone together as long as sports have been around, be it the players themselves, to the parents, coaches, or spectators, they just seem to be an inseparable part of each other. The term violence is defined as physical assault based on total disregard for the well being of self and others, or the intent to injure another person ( 2. Coakley). Intimidation usually does not cause physical harm, but often is designed to produce psychological consequences, enabling one person to physically over power or dominate another. These statements as defined by the author, Jay J. Coakley, is what people today have made a must part on sport. Pleasure and participation sports absolutely cannot be grouped with power and performance sports when in relation to aggression.Pleasure sports are simply played for pleasure. We will write a custom essay on Sports And Aggressive Behavior Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Score is usually not kept. The athletes participating are usually on occasion doing it for fun and exercise. A majority of athletes who have been playing sports since they were little, have probably been pounded into their heads that to be successful in sport, you need to be aggressive, and at some times, unnecessary. Also that to get what you want, you have to go at it with all force. Not that this is wrong but, this attitude in today’s society has been a major problem factor to the athletes when they get older, to get into trouble with the law. Those long-term effects of so called discipline, patterns develops these destructive behaviors. (9. Montague) Although some people are still in belief that aggressive behaviors in all forms, are grounded into instincts, but they also relate these actions to sports. Their parents played, who were known for their aggressive behavior, so the child feels that they have to live up to that expectation.( 6. Storr) Athletes do have to be agg ressive to a point, so that the team can form a strategy to win. There is also a limit to aggression when it turns into violence. People might say that it’s not aggression or violence, it’s just adrenaline pumping. Adrenaline isn’t even similar to violence. Aggression, maybe, but nothing that would be harmful to anyone else. This might be a factor to why contact sports are so popular. For example, football, hockey, rugby, wrestling, and boxing. Contrary to predictions of instinct theory, several studies show that contact sports exist and thrive in the same societies that have high rates of aggression and violence. Unfortunately, another belief is that contact sports teach discipline, self-respect, and self-defense. (8. May ) Contact sports aren’t a positive way to teach these things. Being physically tough helps, but it also needs to be left on the field when the game is over. This can also lead to the abuse of family, girlfriends, boyfriends, friends, an d any other person who gets in their â€Å"way†, because athletes use these sports as a way to get their aggression and angers out. ( 10. Hauser, Powers, Noam ) Other’s might argue that it’s skill, and not in the least way violent. Although we really can’t give a straight and to the point answer to the question â€Å"Is aggression an Instinct?† We can say that in man, as in other animals, there exists a physiological mechanism, when stimulated, it rises both subjective feelings of anger and to physical changes, which relate to fighting. This is easily set off, and like other emotional responses, it is very stereotyped, and instinctive. Just like one person is like a very angry person; they resemble one another at the psychological level. The way in which humans adapt to and control their feelings of rage. ( 5. Toch) The mechanisms in which these body changes, the functions that come about is still completely misunderstood. ( 5. Toch) Experiments fr om animal’s show that it appears that there is a small area from the base of the brain in which the feeling of anger starts. This, from which is sent to the nervous impulses that cause the blood pressure to rise. This area is called the hypothalamus. Its function is to coordinate responses like anger. ( 3 Diamond) The relationship between anger, rage, and violence, and psychopathology that is abnormal, or unnatural in human behavior and experience. People demonstrate their anger reactions in different ways. Similar to most human behavior, violence has a meaning that it only seems â€Å"senseless† or â€Å"meaningless† to the extent that we are unable to understand it. Most violence starts the fiery human emotions of anger and rage. Not all violent behavior has its origins in anger and rage; some of it is learned, as mentioned before. Some violence is driven primarily by as Friedrich Nietzsche referred as â€Å"the will to power†. In other words, rage. ( 3 . Diamond) Rage is an instinctual and defensive reaction to severe stress, or physical threat. This is an automatic reflex that people share with animals. This response to serious threat is referred to by Walter Cannon as the â€Å"fight or flight† response. It’s the first defense for the survival of the species. Any other threat to the continued physical existence, a person would have the instinct to try to leave, or if they can’t, then physically defend them by attacking the source of the threat. ( 7 . Hawkins, Fredman ) Relating to the fact that men are more aggressive than women are, studies shown in several cases those testosterone levels in young men especially are. The high levels of endogenous testosterone seem to encourage behavior apparently intended to dominate, to enhance one’s status over other people. ( 9. .u8a12f75c6a0f3bcb12e014436ad84edf , .u8a12f75c6a0f3bcb12e014436ad84edf .postImageUrl , .u8a12f75c6a0f3bcb12e014436ad84edf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8a12f75c6a0f3bcb12e014436ad84edf , .u8a12f75c6a0f3bcb12e014436ad84edf:hover , .u8a12f75c6a0f3bcb12e014436ad84edf:visited , .u8a12f75c6a0f3bcb12e014436ad84edf:active { border:0!important; } .u8a12f75c6a0f3bcb12e014436ad84edf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8a12f75c6a0f3bcb12e014436ad84edf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8a12f75c6a0f3bcb12e014436ad84edf:active , .u8a12f75c6a0f3bcb12e014436ad84edf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8a12f75c6a0f3bcb12e014436ad84edf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8a12f75c6a0f3bcb12e014436ad84edf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8a12f75c6a0f3bcb12e014436ad84edf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8a12f75c6a0f3bcb12e014436ad84edf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8a12f75c6a0f3bcb12e014436ad84edf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8a12f75c6a0f3bcb12e014436ad84edf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8a12f75c6a0f3bcb12e014436ad84edf .u8a12f75c6a0f3bcb12e014436ad84edf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8a12f75c6a0f3bcb12e014436ad84edf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Genetics Research Essay Montague) Sometimes aggressive behavior is aggressive, it’s apparent intent being to inflict harm on another person, but often dominance is expressed nonaggressively. Measurement of testosterone at a single point in time presumably indicator of a man’s basal testosterone level, predicts many of these dominant behaviors. Numerous animal experiments, this one particular to rodents, show that raising testosterone increases aggressiveness. This is in relation to the dominance and antisocial behavior related to the individuals. An individual can be said to act dominantly if it’s apparent intent is to achieve or maintain high status, to obtain power influence, or valued prerogatives. Rodents do typically dominate aggressively, but it isn’t true of humans. Much of interpersonal behavior is overtly or subtly concerned with managing dominance and subordination without causing physical harm. It is harder to identify instances of aggression of a dominating motives, things related to religious sacrifices. It is understood that motivations are different from different situations for dominance and aggression. ( 1. Felson, Tedeschi) Clinical science assumes that all men are capable of bloody destructiveness. It maintains that image with most people who do away with their hatreds and, and although There are some instances where this effort fails. Some people are so shy about their aggressiveness that when they are provoked in the least little way, they become so violent that they are unbearable. Even a slight review of violent conduct suggests that violence isn’t blind, and random. Members of fighting gangs are frequently nonviolent when separated from their members. Many extremely dangerous people seem to specialize in certain areas of victims. This is in relation to taking the aggressiveness off the field. There is sometimes a relationship between being violent and being socially improper. Violence usually takes place in certain circles, certain settings, and on certain occasions. If violence is really blind and random, it’s hard to understand why we should find so much in specific situations. Does a man assault his wife rather than the athlete who messed up simply because she’s available? Violence can’t be associated with angry explosions. There is shape and form to violence. Patterns of destructiveness show consistently, and they relay from person to person. As for each of us, violence seems to be tied to a restricted range of life situations. It seems to reflect purpose, and implies the presence of hidden meanings. So, how do we satis fy it? How is it provoked? How do violent people function? (4. Stepansky) The level of testosterone circulating in the bloodstream may affect dominating or aggressive behavior by activating receptors in organs or the nervous system. Focusing on young males who have passed through puberty. There are associated reports that show a relatively high level of testosterone with dominant, aggressive, or antisocial actors including several studies of men in jail. The scientists found that no significant testosterone difference between those who fought in prison, and those who did not, between the ages of 18 to 35. However, prisoners with a prior record of violence and aggression related crimes, they had a significantly higher testosterone level than those without a history. In the age group of 18to 45, sorted into the same groups, those with chronic aggressive behavior, those socially dominant without physical aggressiveness, and those who were neither aggressive or dominant, their testosterone levels were not significantly different between the aggressive and dominant groups, but they also had significantly higher testosterone than the group that was either aggressive or dominant. (7. Hawkins, Fredman) A similar study was tested on college hockey players. ( 1. Felson , Tedeschi) They studied 14 male college players ages 18 to 23, and found a significant correlation between testosterone and coach ratings of player’s aggressiveness in respond to threat. Another study was done on four male physicians. Ranging from ages to 23 to 38, they were confined on a boat for a two week holidaycruise. The testosterone level to be correlated with the physician’s assertiveness and dominant behavior, as ranked by three women on the boat. Overall, there is considerable evidence from a variety of settings that in men, circulating testosterone is correlated with dominant or aggressive behavior, and antisocial norm breaking. Correlation doesn’t imply any reason, and the question is still being pondered, â€Å"Is high testosterone a cause of dominant and antisocial behavior?† ( 9. Montague) There has also been argument whether or not that women can be as aggressive and dominant as men. Despite considerable speculation that testosterone is associated with aggression or status in women, the literature is few and far between. Scientists report that testosterone levels in 55 women increased the status of their occupations. .uc6bb8949afd2c6d79953611ef4ab9a75 , .uc6bb8949afd2c6d79953611ef4ab9a75 .postImageUrl , .uc6bb8949afd2c6d79953611ef4ab9a75 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc6bb8949afd2c6d79953611ef4ab9a75 , .uc6bb8949afd2c6d79953611ef4ab9a75:hover , .uc6bb8949afd2c6d79953611ef4ab9a75:visited , .uc6bb8949afd2c6d79953611ef4ab9a75:active { border:0!important; } .uc6bb8949afd2c6d79953611ef4ab9a75 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc6bb8949afd2c6d79953611ef4ab9a75 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc6bb8949afd2c6d79953611ef4ab9a75:active , .uc6bb8949afd2c6d79953611ef4ab9a75:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc6bb8949afd2c6d79953611ef4ab9a75 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc6bb8949afd2c6d79953611ef4ab9a75 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc6bb8949afd2c6d79953611ef4ab9a75 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc6bb8949afd2c6d79953611ef4ab9a75 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc6bb8949afd2c6d79953611ef4ab9a75:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc6bb8949afd2c6d79953611ef4ab9a75 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc6bb8949afd2c6d79953611ef4ab9a75 .uc6bb8949afd2c6d79953611ef4ab9a75-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc6bb8949afd2c6d79953611ef4ab9a75:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Gentrification Theory: Ruth Glass Essay Another study was done with women who were patients in a neurological clinic, found significantly higher testosterone levels among relatively aggressive patients compared to less aggressive ones, but they also differed in diagnois, and making the comparison suspect. ( 5. Toch) The issue of sex differences has been addressed by asking how men and women respond to an identical competitive situation. Testosterone was given by saliva to young men and women before, during, and after competing with a same sex partner in a video game. The hormonal response to the competition was different in each sex. Males showed the usual pre contest rise in testosterone, but females did not. Males did not show the usual result that testosterone levels of winners is higher than that of losers, apparently because the video game produced no mood difference between male winners and losers. A mood difference was produced between female winners and losers, but the female showed no specific response to the competition. These results show that the outcome of the competition on testosterone specific to men. (7. Hawkins, Fredman) From laboratory results and athletic studies, the testosterone level rises in men awaiting a contest, regardless of the eventual outcome contest. Generalizing to the street, hormone levels should be elevated in young men who are constantly against assaults on their reputations. Of course, testosterone level is also affected by the outcome of the contest, so persistent losers might be hormonally depressed, but most men, those with mixed outcome or better, should have elevated testosterone level. ( 3. Diamond) Leaving behind the historic roots of the South, there may be a general hypersensitivity to insult in any subculture that is, or once was organized around young men who are constantly constrained by traditional community agents of social control, as after occurs in frontier countries, gangs, among bohemians, and after social breakdown or natural diseases. When young men place special emphasis on protecting their images and reputations, and they are not restrained from doing so, dominance contests become necessary, the hallmark of male to male interaction. ( 5. Toch) To interpret racial differences in testosterone, a compar ison of black and white boys ages 6 to 18 years, mostly preteens, showed no significant race different in testosterone. By adulthood, black males do have significantly higher testosterone levels than white males, possibly reflecting the higher defensive demands on black men during adulthood. ( 10. Hauser, Powers, Noam) The reciprocal linkage between hormones and behavior suggests that if testosterone levels among young men in the inner city are highlighted by their constant defensive posture against challenge and these high hormone levels in turn encourage further dominance contests. Feedback between challenge and testosterone may create a various circle, sometimes with lethal effects.(7. Hawkins, Fredman) During puberty, the effects of testosterone on behavior appear to work primarily through long term reorganizations of the body and neurohormanal system, and only secondary through short term activation. By the end of puberty, usually around 16 years, the body is nearly at itâ€⠄¢s adult form so behavior is affected primarily by the level of testosterone circulating in the blood stream, which can activate steroid receptors. (10. Hauser, Powers, Noam) There is a string correlation and experimental evidence that testosterone levels respond in predictable ways both before and after competitions for status. First, testosterone rises shortly before a competitive event, as if anticipating the challenge. Second, after the conclusion of competition, testosterone levels in winners rises relative to that of losers. Testosterone also rises after status evaluations, and it falls after status demotions, These effects require the presence of appropriate mood changes. Limited evidence suggests that this pattern of testosterone responses is specific to men. ( 4. Stepansky) As these studies have suggested, aggression in sport is there, but the men mainly showcase it. Aggressive people are attracted to contact violent sport competitions, to where they can fit in while being violent. On the other hand, sports can create aggressive behaviors that could lead to worse things. Women can and will showcase this, but as said before, men show a stronger case of it. Things of this nature have been going on for centuries, every since the beginning of sport, unfortunately, if these behaviors aren’t controlled, the young children might be the ones to suffer by an outcome that nobody wants to see, doing away with sports in general. 1977 5. Violent Men; an inquiry into the pychology of violence, Hans Toch 1969 6. Human Aggression, Anthony Storr 19681. Aggression and Violence, social interactionists perspectives. , Richard B. Felson and James T. Tedeschi 1993 2. Sport in Society, Issues and Controversies 6th edition, Jay J. Coakley 1998 3. Anger, Madness, and the Daimaonic; the pyschologists genesis of Violence, evil and creativitiy. Stephen A. Diamond 1996 4. A History of Aggression Freud, Paul E. Stepansky 7. The Creation of Deviance, Interpersonal and organized determinants, Richard Hawkins, Gary Fredman, 1975 8. Power and Innocence, Rollo May 1972 9. Man and Aggression, Ashley Montague 1968 10. Adolescents and their Families , Paths of Ego Development, Stuart T. Hauser, Sally I. Powers, Gil G. Noam 1991

Edward Weston essays

Edward Weston essays In 1886 Edward H. Weston was born in Highland Park Illinois and then was raised in Chicago. He went to The Oakland Grammar School and at 16 years of age he received his first camera form his father. In his spare time he took pictures in Chicago parks as well as his aunts farm. he worked as an errand boy and a salesman for Marshall field and company. In 1906 he went to California where he held down two jobs. One was a door to door portrait photographer and the other was a surveyor . From 1908 to 1911 he went to the Illinois College of Photography and spent his summers back in California working as a printer in photographic studios. While spending his summer in California he became the founder of the camera pictorialists of LA. 1909 Weston married Flora Chandler. In 1910 they had their first son Edward C.Weston. 1911 their second son was born, Theodore B. Weston. Their third was born in 1916, Laurence N.Weston. Andlast but not least the fourth Cole Weston in 1919. he had many articles published in many magazines all about Westons Methods. But it wasnt good enough for him. By 1920 he was Completely upset with is work so he decided to turn to experimenting. In the year 1922 Weston went to the Big Apple or New York City where he met Alfred Steigliz, Paul Strand, and Charles Sheeler. At the point all the pictures that he took of steelworkers in Ohio marked the dramatic turning point in his career. Many people loved these pictures because they showed the basic human life. The pictures were a lot like the work of Sheeler. Weston later wrote, the camera should be used for recording of life, for rendering the very substance and quintessence of the thing itself, whether it be polished steel of palpitating flesh. During the year1923 he moved to Mexico City. He opened a studio with mistress Tina Modotti. Tinas husband was a political radical leader who. He took nude pic...

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Rhetoricalanalysis of the new jim crow Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rhetoricalanalysis of the new jim crow - Essay Example The author has used rhetorical tools to emphasize how overt racial prejudices have become criminal offences but they are still covertly practiced within the system. It ultimately makes it difficult for people with color to become part of mainstream society and forces them to live like a second class citizen in their own country. The article becomes hugely pertinent because it underpins the issues that permanently stereotyped people of color into criminals that socially and legally discourages them to live with dignity. The text is also important because despite constitutional rights, the people of color are still vulnerable to the Jim Crow rules that deny them legitimate rights of a citizen. Stereotyping colored people has resulted in mass incarceration that helps to impose social control on them. The author has therefore, used rhetorical tools like ethos, pathos and logos to not only inform public about the subtle Jim Crow rules within the judicial system but also about the repercussion on the society that adds to the woes of the vulnerable. Throughout the article, author has been consistently using rhetorical approach to communicate important message or information to the target group or the public. The ethos applied in the article gives credibility to the author and convinces the reader about the authenticity of the text. It informs that the author holds a job of high repute. She is ‘director of the Racial Justice Project for the American Civil Liberties Union of Northern California’. Using the ethical paradigm of introducing herself as an esteemed public figure, the author has established her credibility. She also succinctly apprises the audience about her experience in working on ‘issues of racial profiling, police brutality, and drug-law enforcement in poor communities of color’ This is important information as it gives inkling about her experience and assures the readers that whatever she is talking

Defeat of the Red Army Essay Example for Free

Defeat of the Red Army Essay By looking at what the areas where the Soviets failed during their in Afghanistan, we can further develop our counterinsurgency tactics and doctrine and shape our forces. Mujahideen Defeats of the Red Army An important and remarkable event in history was the Soviet-Afghan War. The Afghans, like their ancestors, battled a hostile, invading force that wanted to dominate their homeland. â€Å"For the first time, Afghanistan would become the center of a modern pan-Arab Jihad (Holy War)† (Hill, 2008). The Afghans were fighting a war of attrition just as their ancestors did during the Anglo-Afghan Wars. The Afghans would find themselves using modern weapons that had the potential of causing a high number casualties and emigration of greater proportions. The difference between the Afghans in the Soviet-Afghan War and the Afghans who fought in the Anglo-Afghan war would be the help and support from outside superpowers. By the end of the Soviet-Afghan War, the Soviet Union was at the point of falling; the Afghans and those who were assisting them were looking at a victory. How could such a powerful country like the Soviet Union be defeated by the Afghans? The Soviet Union lost the Soviet-Afghan War as a result of mistakes and failures that they made. The Soviets failure to seal the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan, failure to stand up and effective Afghan Army and failure to win the hearts and minds of the Afghan people contributed to the defeat of the Red Army. Failure to Disrupt Supply Lines During the initial five years of occupation, the Soviets never mounted a sustained effort to cut off the Mujahideen supply lines that ran from Pakistan’s tribal areas, across the Hindu Kush Mountains, and into Afghanistan (Roy, 1991). Instead, the focus of the Soviets from 1980 to 1982 was to conduct large-scale armored operations in locations that were considered hotbeds of rebel activity. After 1982, the Soviets used aerial assaults to assist in their combat operations to eliminate the support base of the Mujahideen. It was not until 1985 that the Red Army starting making an effort to disrupt the Mujahideen supply lines. The Red Army began using Spetsnaz units, which were the Red army Special Forces units, behind Mujahideen frontlines, to organized surprise attacks against the rebel supply caravans. Once the Spetsnaz had the location of the Mujahideen, they would load into Mi-24 helicopter gunships, sneak behind the Mujahideen positions, and launch attacks. The effectiveness of the raids the Spetsnaz used became apparent in 1986 where there was a decrease in the number of Mujahideen attacks against the Soviets. The attacks against the Soviets decreased because the Mujahideen was not able to get men and equipment that they needed to mount an effective guerrilla campaign. The Soviets leadership was aware of the amount of men and a large amount of equipment that the Mujahideen was moving from Pakistan across into Afghanistan on regular bases, so it’s interesting why they did not make an effort earlier in the war to disrupt the supply lines. The Soviet leadership feared that if they conducted operations that might extend into Pakistan they would draw the United States into a large-scale war that the Soviets did not want. So, conducting operations on the Afghan side of the border against the rebels was an activity that the Soviets could justify without drawing the United States into the war. According to Oliver Roy, the Soviet failure to seal the border with Pakistan was the most significant military mistake in the war against the Mujahideen (Roy, 1991). With an unsealed border, the United States with the help of the help of the Inter-Service Intelligence, ISI, began funneling in weapons to the Mujahideen in the 1980. At the start of 1980, the Central Intelligence Agency began to purchase weapons from several countries to include China, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and other Arab nations. Once these weapons had been purchased they were shipped to the ISI headquarters located in Peshawar Pakistan. The United States funded some $30 million dollars in 1982, but in 1984, the CIA spent some $250 million purchasing pistols, AK-47s, ammunition, surface to air missiles, and other supplies for the Mujahideen. By 1985, the CIA was spending $500 million dollars on the resistance in Afghanistan. 1985 was the same year the President Ronald Reagan signed the National Security Decision Directive 166. This directive stated that the CIA was to drive out the Soviets from Afghanistan †by all means available† (Crile, 2003, p 363). In 1986, the CIA approved the purchase of heat-seeking missiles and almost 1000 per purchased. The heat-seeking missiles were very effective in downing the Soviets helicopters, but the Mujahideen did not put these missions into use until 1987. Pakistan who was driven by Islamic identity had a vested interest in the outcome of the Soviet-Afghan War and made a great effort to ensure that the Mujahideen was victorious. To ensure victory for the Mujahideen, Pakistan established a network that would transport all of the weapons that had been purchased to the Mujahideen. Once all of the weapons that had been purchased and arrived to the ISI headquarters the ISI would distribute the weapons to the Mujahideen, who would get the weapons and supplies to the soldier in the field. The Mujahideen would use tractors, trucks, camel, mules, and horses that could blend in with the rest of the cross border traffic or they would move on dirt roads that were only accessible by foot over the border into Afghanistan. It is evident that without the help of the Pakistanis, the Mujahideen would not have been able to fight because they could have not been able to supply their soldiers. Throughout the war, the Soviets and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, DRA attempted to pressure Pakistan’s President Zia to seal the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan with troops, but this came to no avail. President Zia responds to the request to seal the border was that Pakistan would not do it but that the Red Army and the DRA were more than welcome to do it. Regardless of who would attempt to seal the border it would be an impossible task when you consider the length and mountainous terrain that would have to be covered. In 1985, the Red Army started to disrupt the Mujahideen supply lines by putting thousands of troops on the border with Pakistan. At the same time, The Red Army began a bombing campaign hitting border towns that were sympathetic to the rebels and placing Spetsnaz units along the borders to conduct search and destroy missions from behind Mujahideen front lines. The Red Army began using their gunships to move up and down the border looking for destroying Mujahideen supply caravans. The bombardment used by the Red Army turned a large portion of the border etween Afghanistan and Pakistan to land that no longer could be inhabited. This depopulation effort started to become effective as it made it almost impossible for the Mujahideen supply caravans to move freely. In 1986, the Mujahideen countered the Red Army by using the Stringer missiles to bring down the Red Army Helicopters. To avoid being hit by a Stringer missile the Red Army Pilots had to fly at a higher altitude but the higher alt itude made it difficult for the Red Army to effectively attack the Mujahideen supply lines. Although the terrain along the Afghan and Pakistan border made it difficult to totally seal the border, it would have been possible to disrupt the flow of men and supplies coming into Afghanistan. This was evident by the Red Army between 1985 and 1986. Had the Red Army been willing to take a higher loss of life before 1985, it would have been possible to slow down the Mujahideen’s ability to get weapons into Afghanistan. The inability by the Red Army to establish an effective way to disrupt the Mujahideen supply lines was not the only reason that the PDPA could not survive without the support of the Red Army. The Red Army also failed to build an Afghan National Army that could protect the PDPA against the Mujahideen. Part of the reason why the Red Army could not stand up the Afghan Army was because there were Mujahideen sympathizers in the ranks. This is also part of the reason why the Soviets could not win the hearts and minds of the Afghan people. When the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan, they left the country without the means to protect its self. Failure to build an Afghan Army As early as 1980, Soviet leadership knew that it was going to be difficult to build up the Afghan Army. This was partially due to the fact that the PDPA regime was unpopular with many Afghan people, and there was also a deep hatred for the Red Army troops. The unwillingness to fight for the Soviet Union and the DRA was reflected by the decrease in the Afghan Army’s ranks. The Afghan Army decreased from 90,000 to 30,000 men from 1980 to 1983 (Schofield, 2003). During the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, it was common for Afghan soldiers to leave their units with their weapons and ammunition and join the Mujahideen. There is an account in July 1987 where an entire 2,000-man unit defected to the Mujahideen in Kandahar (McMichael, 1991). In addition to the defecting that was happening there were reports of Afghan officers frequently sabotaging Soviet equipment and vehicles. For the Afghans who remained many only fought because of the Soviet troops presences on the frontlines who would not allow them to runaway. As a result of the Afghans people unwillingness to fight for the Soviets and the DRA, the PDPA could only build a small military force, the total that numbers 120,000 to 150,000 fighting men. With its small size and the challenges they had recruiting the Afghans to fight for the PDPA regime, the Afghan Army was ineffective. The Afghan government was also only able to draft sixty-five percent of the personnel it needed to fight the insurgency they faced. Although the Afghan Army did have their share of success, these successes were limited. Mostly because the Mujahideen had sympathizers in the ranks that would provide the rebels with intelligence about upcoming operations that were planned. Since Mujahideen supporters had infiltrated the Afghan Army, Red Army soldier do not care to work closely on operations or share the intelligence they had because of fear that the details on upcoming operations would be shared with the rebels. To make matter worse for both sides, commanding officers of Afghan units would only be informed of upcoming operations one day in advance. On 9 January 1981, a conscription law designed to increase the strength of the DRA Army, was adopted by the Supreme Military Council of Afghanistan. The Afghan Army was given tanks, aircraft, armored personnel carriers, and small arms by the Soviets. Regardless of what had been given to the Afghan Army they were not going to be able to defend the PDPA regime from the rebels by the time the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan. This is based on the fact that it was going to be hard to recruit soldiers to fight for a socialist an also because many of the soldiers that had been recruited were informant for the Mujahideen. â€Å"The ineffectiveness of the DRA Army was illustrated by two Soviet deserters when they said, â€Å"The Kabul army was not an army, just a mess, with half of the soldiers running away and the other half joining the rebels† (Amstutz, 1986, p. 80). The inability of the Soviets to win over the Afghan population showed to be a tremendous obstacle as the attempt was being made to stand up an effective Afghan military. Had the Soviets convince the Afghan population that the PDPA was worth fighting for; the Soviet’s counterinsurgency plan could have been more effective in getting rid of the Mujahideen. The Soviets inability to win over the hearts and minds of the Afghan people ended up being a big obstacle that led to the Soviet defeat in Afghanistan. Failure to win the Hearts and Minds â€Å"The Soviets needed to convince the Afghan population that it had a stake in the survival of the socialist regime if they were to have a chance of preserving the PDPA government† (Delgado, 2006, p. 27). This would show to be impossible since the Afghan mullahs had declared jihad against the occupying Red Army. Knowing the jihad had been declared against the Red Army, they still launched a program with the intent on winning the hearts and minds of the Afghan people. The Soviets attempt to Sovietize the Afghan people used measures that included revamping the education system and teaching the population a pro-Soviet ideology. Adults and children were taught Marxist terms by Soviet institutions that had been imported into Afghanistan. The Soviets reformed the education system, reinterpreting Afghan history, taking control of the media in order to reeducate adults, and sending children to the Soviet Union in order to be educated. The Soviets goal in all of this was to create a version of Islam that the new Afghanistan would be based off. Building a strong Communist party was part of the Sovietization program. A strong Communist party would be the center of all legitimate political activity for the country. In order to monitor social organizations in Afghanistan, Soviet style government institution were established. A diligent effort had been made by the PDPA to indoctrinate its member, a majority of which joined the party so that they could obtain a job in the state. The task of trying to indoctrinate the member was difficult and many felt that it was irresponsible and corrupt. The DRA was unpopular throughout a large portion of Afghanistan. With this unpopular view of the DRA, there was a need to rewrite history in order to paint the Soviet Union in a more favorable light. This change to history was going to be done in two parts, first was to depict Russia as the essential supporters of Afghan independence, and the second was to minimize the cultural ties the Afghan people had with India, Pakistan, and Iran while emphasizing the ties with the citizens of the Soviet Union. The Soviets strategy in winning the hearts and minds of the Afghan people was not to turn all Afghan into Marxist, but to teach the Afghans that they identified more with the Soviet way of life than with traditional Afghan society and customs (Roy, 1989). The Soviets took total control of the Afghan media and bombarded it with pro-Soviet propaganda. The Soviets desired in all of this was to have the Afghans forget what their history was and replace it with the identity that the Soviets were giving them. The Soviets not only rewrote the history books and took over the media; the Soviets took control of the education system with the goal of molding a new generation of Afghans that would support the PDPA. To accomplish this, teachers who refused to do what was asked were arrested or exiled. â€Å"Fatherland Training Centers† were created around Afghanistan, where Afghan orphans were trained to be Soviet special agents, political organizations for children and teenagers in order to teach them to become faithful Soviet citizens. The Soviets made Russian the official language of all students attending middle school up to college. The Russians were committed to indoctrinating Afghan children. Statics reflects that by 1989, 000 Afghan students were being educated in the Soviets, and another 15,000 students annual would travel to the Soviet Union see the Russian way of life and to take part in short courses and training programs (Roy, 1989). The Soviets used psychological operation to undermine not only the Mujahideen but also the civilian population to resist the Soviet occupation and the PDPA regime. Some of the bigger programs used included massive leaflet drops, propagandistic radio programs, starting conflict between rival tribes that would undermine Mujahideen unity and bribing teachers to use their classroom in order to spread Soviet propaganda. KHAD Intelligence would insert special agents into Mujahideen units and prisons where Mujahideen members were held with the goal of getting information on operations that were being planned and to find out whom the leaders in the resistance were. Regardless of what the Soviets attempted to do in order to win the hearts and minds of the Afghan people they failed. The Afghans remained true to their Islamic identity, culture, and family traditions so it made it impossible for the Soviet Union to convince the Afghans that they were acting in the best interest of the country of Afghanistan by occupying and supporting the PDPA. With a call of jihad being declared against the occupying Red Army, it was going to be impossible for the Soviets to win the hearts and minds. The Afghans viewed the Soviets as an occupying force that were hostile to Islam so no program introduced by the Soviets to win the hearts and minds would be successful. The Soviets made an admirable effort to win over the Afghan people but due to the fact that they were viewed as a foreign occupier took away any possibility that they could convince the Afghan people to support the PDPA government. Winning the hearts and minds of the Afghan people were impossible from the beginning since the Afghan people had such a strong Islamic heritage and tribal culture and that the Soviets were viewed as a foreign occupier, but the Soviets also did not help themselves with their brutal campaign to drive Mujahideen supporters out of Afghanistan as refugees. The effort to rid Afghanistan of Mujahideen supporters left one million Afghan civilians dead and five million displaced (Roy, 1989). The strategy used by the Red Army to rid Afghanistan of Mujahideen supported included artillery strike against Pashtun villages, bombing raids and, the burning of agricultural fields, the killing of livestock through the use mines and artillery, and the contamination of water and food supplies through the use of chemical weapons (McMichael, 1991). The efforts made by the Red Army to deprive the Mujahideen from a portion of its civilian support network was successful, but with the brutal methods that the Soviets used in order to get the objectives done did very little for the chances of winning the hearts and minds of the Afghan people. Conclusion The Soviets lost the Soviet-Afghan War to the Mujahideen do to their own failures and any country could stand to earn a few lessons from the Soviets after their experience in Afghanistan. The first lesson would be the importance of disrupting the Mujahideen supply lines. Although totally securing the border may have been impossible, the Red Army could have focus more of an effort prior to 1985 to slow down the amount of men and supplies that were moving into Afghanistan from Pakistan. Had the Soviets been willing to take more of rest with their Soldiers, the Mujahideen would have never been able to get the supplies they needed into Afghanistan. The second lesson that could be taken from this is that before the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan they needed to ensure that the Afghan Army was ready to defeat the Mujahideen on their own. Since the Afghan Army was not able to defeat the Mujahideen on their own, everything that the Soviets attempted to achieve in Afghanistan was lost once the Red Army withdrew. The weak Army allowed Afghanistan to fall into a civil war where the Taliban came out victorious. The Soviets should have taken into consideration what they thought the status Afghan Army would be once they withdrew before invading Afghanistan. The third and final lesson is that it was going to be impossible for the Soviets to win the hearts and minds of the Afghan people. Many Afghans viewed the Soviets as invaders, and a jihad had been declared against them. Along with the hatred that the Afghans had for the Soviets the Soviets also countered themselves with brutal military operations against Afghans that were thought to be loyal to the Mujahideen. The Afghan population will refuse to support a regime that is viewed as a foreign occupier, regardless of the sophistication of the occupying country’s effort to win the native hearts and minds†(Delgado, 2006, p. 35). References Crile, G. (2003). Charlie Wilson’s War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History. New York, NY: Delgado, J. A. (2006). Troubling Parallels: An analysis of America ’s Inability to overcome the obstacles that led to the defeat of the Red Army in the Soviet-Afghan War. Athens, OH: The University of Ohio. Hills, C. R. (2006). Beyond Charlie Wilson: The Soviet Afghan War. Atlanta, GA: Atlanta International School. McMichael, S. (1991). Stumbling Bear: Soviet Military Performance in Afghanistan. London, England: Brasseys. Roy, O. (1989). The Sovietization of Afghanistan. Afghanistan and the Soviet Union. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. Roy, O. (1991). The Lessons of the Soviet-Afghan War. London, England: Brasseys. Schofield, V. (2003). Afghan Frontier. New York, NY: Tauris Parke Paperback.